Economic Liberalism Essay

Economic liberalism was the prevailing economic philosophy in much of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and the U. S. economy developed within its framework. Economic liberalism promoted freedom of action for die indivi ¬dual and the firm through the doctrines of free trade, self-interest, private prop ¬erty and competition. According to this philosophy, individuals were free to seek their own occupa ¬tions, to enter any business, and to act as they saw fit to improve their economic welfare. Economic society was held together by mutual exchanges founded on the division of labor and prompted by self-interest. Self-interest was thus the motivat ¬ing force of the economy. For example, to increase personal economic welfare, an individual might decide to produce goods and sell them for a profit. Bur. in so doing, that individual automatically benefited the community as well—by pur ¬chasing raw materials, providing employment, and supplying goods or services. Workers seeking to increase their wages could do so by increasing productivity. This, too, benefited the employer and the community in general. According to Adam Smith (often called the father of economics), the individual, in seeking personal gain, was led by an invisible hand to promote the welfare of the whole community. Under economic liberalism, individuals were free to engage in the trade, occupation, or business they desired. Workers were free to move from one job to another and to enter into or exit from any industry. Workers were free to work or not to work, and businesses were free to produce or nor to produce. Competition was the regulator of the economy under economic liberalism. Businesses competed with one another for consumer trade by developing new and better products and by selling existing products at lower prices. Free entry into the market ensured ample competition, and prices were determined by the free forces of supply and demand. Equilibrium prices were determined by the actions of individual buyers and sellers, with each buyer and seller acting in his or her own self-interest. Whenever there was excesses on either the supply or the demand side, markets behaved as though there were an invisible hand of competition guiding them back toward equilibrium, where supply equaled demand. This unseen force seemed to select prices that cleared the market by eliminating surpluses and shortages. Equilibrium prices received by sellers and paid by consumers were equal to production costs. Thus, by each individual max ¬imizing his or her own self-interest, everyone benefited. Competitive forces deter ¬mined not only the prices of goods and services but also wage rates. In theory, economic liberalism was a sound philosophy, and the early U. S. economy prospered under it. But it was not without its weaknesses. The most pronounced weaknesses were its dependence on the beneficial effects of self- interest and its undue reliance on competition to regulate the economy and pro ¬mote the general welfare. Unfortunately, self-interest in many cases translated into greed and abuse of economic liberty. At the same time, competition proved to be an inadequate guarantor of the free market.

Poverty Essay

Introduction Poverty is when someone is not able to afford to buy things most people consider essential or to participate in activities which, similarly are thought to be a minimum requirement of everyday life (Reporting poverty in UK p15). Absolute poverty is a term used in various different ways to denote a poverty level that does not change over time in terms of living standards that it refers to it stays the same even if society is becoming more prosperous. Absolute poverty line and people below this line lack food, shelter, warmth or clothing (Reporting poverty in the UK p73). Most people in the UK live in relevant poverty Peter Townsend a leading authority on UK poverty defines it as when someone’s â€Å"resources are so seriously below those commanded by the average individual or family that they are in effect excluded from ordinary living patterns, customs and activities† (Reporting poverty in the UK p 15). There are two main ways to measure social inequality these are inequality of conditions, and inequality of opportunities. Inequality of conditions refers to the unequal distribution of income, wealth and material goods housing for example is an inequality of conditions with the homeless and those living in housing projects sitting at the bottom of the hierarchy while those living in multimillion dollar mansions sitting at the top. Look more:  problems of homelessness essay They have been a number of studies commissioned by shelters on the relationship between homeless, use of temporary accommodation and poor health the findings include 78%of homeless households living in temporary accommodation interviewed in one studies had at least one specific health problem, 58% of households said their health had been adversely affected by living in temporary accommodation, 50% of children in temporary accommodation reported psychological and mood disturbance, unsettled sleep pattern, bed wetting and mood swings, one year after being rehoused 40% of homeless children surveyed in one study were still suffering mental and development problems (settled housing march 2010), (various studies, referenced in homelessness fact sheet, shelter 2007). Inequality of opportunities  refers to the unequal distribution of life chances across individuals, this is reflected in measures such as levels of education, health status, and the treatment by the criminal justice system for example white upper class males typically have more opportunities for wealth and success compared to lower class black males who have a higher chance of landing in the criminal justice system. Racial inequality since 1973 little has changed particularly in the earning gap between white and black males, the gender gap has declined since 1970 and the racial gap has remained stable and also the pattern of unemployment, black males earn 60% of what white males earn and they suffer unemployment rates of double the white figure (Hogan and Perrucci 2007); (Kerbo 2009,p. 349). Featherman and Hauser (1978) reproduced the racial difference in inheritance of occupation in the original Blau and Duncan (1967) data from 1962 and in their 1973 replication in 1962 only 13.  3% of black sons of upper non-manual fathers achieved upper non-manual status this increased to 43. 9% in 1973. Among white males 57% in 1962 and 59% in 1973 inherited upper non-manual occupational (Kerbo, 2009, p. 391-400). Functionalist theories believe that inequality is inevitable and desirable and plays an important function in society. Important positions in society require more training and should receive more rewards, social inequality and social stratification according to this view leads to a meritocracy based ability, Functionalist approach to poverty maintains that all parts of society even poverty contributes in some way or another to the larger system’s stability (understanding social problems p195). Conflict theories view inequality as resulting from groups, they believe that social inequality prevents and hinders societal progress as those in power repress the powerless people in order to maintain the status quo, positions are important so long as those in power consider them to be significant, conflict theory of poverty argues that stratification is dysfunctional and harmful to society but persists because it benefits the rich and powerful, (Understanding social problems p195). Over the past eleven years 702,000 older people have had to sell their homes or cut into their life savings to pay for the cost of their care, in 2006 people over 65 contributed ? 380m to the support they receive to stay in their own homes, 75,000 pensioners are paying for nursing care which could be provided free under the NHS. Women pensioners are the majority of people depending on home-care. Thousands of pensioners go without food and heating to pay the cost of home care service and thousands give up the care they need because they cannot afford it (fact complied by women in Dialogue, crossroads women’s center 30th may 2009). Many pensioners have low incomes so they become isolated because they cannot afford to do anything and many go without food to pay for heating most of them are lonely and as a result of their situation most die from health problem that is caused by their situation (Bristol. ac. UK 2006).

Speech to the Young, Speech to the Progress-Toward

Bryce Donahue Professor Harsh English 102 16 March 2013 Speech to the Young. Speech to the Progress-Toward The poem â€Å"Speech to the Young, Speech to the Progress- Toward† by Gwendolyn Brooks is about keeping your head up and living each day to the fullest. The poem, given the time period, is most likely aimed towards African American people, but can now be related to anyone who may be having a rough day.Gwendolyn starts off the poem with four specific epithets. Gwendolyn states, â€Å"Say to the down-keepers, the sun-slappers, the self-soilers, the harmony-hushers† (398)†¦ All of these epithets are used to describe negative people or someone who will try and get you down. She is trying to say don’t listen to what people say just go and live your life. Gwendolyn continues with, â€Å"’Even if you are not ready for day it cannot always be night† (398). Related article: Having Children While YoungShe tries to use night as a symbol of unhappiness and says if you are not ready to get over what has happened or whatever is making you feel down, you will have to at some point because the day, or happiness, will have to come at some point. Gwendolyn writes, â€Å"You will be right. For that is the hard home-run† (398). Gwendolyn uses a home-run to describe something that is hard to obtain, meaning that it will not always be easy to be happy, but you have to fight for it.Gwendolyn ends her poem with, â€Å"Live not for battles won. Live not for the-end-of-the-song. Live in the along† (398). In these final three lines Gwendolyn tries to tell people not to be stuck in the past, but do not try to rush through life, instead live in the moment and enjoy life and all the great things life has to offer. Work Cited Pearson. Backpack Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. Fourth ed. New Jersey: Kennedy Gio ia, 2010. Print.

Common Law Case and Civil Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Common Law Case and Civil Case - Essay Example â€Å"Company directors and senior employees to whom the board of directors has delegated managerial duties have a fiduciary relationship with the company. All directors and any person occupying the position of director by whatever name called or persons who purport to act as such are still regarded as directors, whether or not they are designated or otherwise described as a company director, are required to act in good faith in the interests of the company, to act for proper purposes and to avoid conflicts of interest and duties and also not to delegate powers except with proper authorisation. They also have the duty of care and still 6†. To some extent, the case of Green vs.Bestobell Industries Ltd can be said to that one of lifting the corporate veil. The company’s operation and its corporate entity were not considered simply cause of the acts of directors who acted arbitrarily. The principle of the separate entity was not aptly taken into consideration in order to safeguard the interests of the company. A director who acts even though for the the interest of the company but then without the powers bestowed upon him, the principle of separate entity need to be invoked for the sole purpose of protecting the corporate. The difference between Gilford Motor Co.Ltd vs. Horne and Shangai Kiangdong Equipment Ltd vs. Xu In Gilford Motor Company the director signed an agreement with the company Gilford Motor that while employment and after employment that he shall not solicit the customers of the company. But upon exit from the company, the former director went as far dishonoring in agreement with the company. The court ruled he was bound by the agreement. Even though the doctrine of separate legal entity was not properly followed because an individual and the company are different people as long as Mr. Horne was operating for the interest of the company, there was an apparent need for the honorable court to lift the corporate veil and observe behind the veil in order to have the directors answerable for the acts done allegedly on behalf of the company.

Story for Group's Non-profit Organization Assignment

Story for Group's Non-profit Organization - Assignment Example Jeremy becomes quickly agitated when Sandra raises her voice, as he does not understand what is expected of him. He lacks the language to explain or tell his mother exactly what he wants. Despite the problems in communication, Jeremy loves his mother and wants to be near her constantly. He rarely explores distant toys or activities and he is lacking in self confidence. Sandra does not know how to encourage safe exploration and play. Recently, when Sandra was arrested and taken to jail, Jeremy cried for hours. He stayed with Sandra’s mother Deborah, who eventually was able to calm him. However, she too lacks the skills to deal with Jeremy’s level of activity and with his tantrums or fits of frustration. Deborah is even more distant than Sandra, when it comes to Jeremy. She rarely cuddles or converses with him other than to correct him when he tries to touch or explore something he shouldn’t. Jeremy’s tantrums have increased since his mother’s incarceration and he is trying Deborah’s patience. There is some concern that Deborah may try to hurt Jeremy, though there has never been any evidence of this. Sandra is complacent in jail and seems not to be as concerned about Jeremy as she should be. Sandra spends her days in jail chatting, doing minimal chores and playing cards. The Travis County Sherriff’s department does not offer any educational for parents like Sandra, who often fail to realize the impact their jail time has on their children. There is a missed opportunity to help these parents learn effective coping skills and become better role models for their children. Family Matters, A program by Family Connections, helps children whose parents are in jail, by providing supervised visits and parenting classes. This unique program is designed to serve 500 children of roughly 400 parents who are incarcerated. Skilled and experienced parent educators will be used to help incarcerated parents learn how to

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol - Term Paper Example Advantages/ Benefits of DHCP 1. minimized IP Address configuration errors as is attributed with the manual IP address configurations to computers 2. Network administration tasks are reduced since the TCP/IP configurations are now centralized and automated, it’s easy to handle efficiently ip addresses for client machines whose IP addresses change frequently i.e. devise on wireless network. 3. There is no address duplication since there’s automatic assignment of IP addresses. Significance of DHCP All devices on a TCP/IP-based network are required to have unique IP addresses to help the computers access the network and share resources. Without using a DHCP, it means that IP addresses must be reconfigured anytime a computer is added or moved to a different subnet and similarly the IP addresses be reclaimed when a computer from the network. DHCP on the other hand comes in handy by automating the entire process as well as central management of the same. The DHCP protocol is c ontained in the DHCP server which holds a pool of IP addresses and leases the given IP addresses to client machines which join the network. It uses the concept of ‘lease’ or time length that a particular IP address remains valid. The DHCP is an extension of BOOTp protocol which is an earlier network IP management protocol. Implemeting a DHCP eliminates some of configuration problems associated with manually configured TCP/IP. Some of the parameters that are passed to a DHCP client include: The clients IP address A subnet mask Default gateway Domain Name Servers Network servers Time synchronization information. Manual TCP/IP addressing Configuration The limitations of configuring TCP/IP manually mean that: 1. It’s easy for users to pick a random IP address instead of getting a valid IP address. These incorrect IP addresses lead to network problems which become difficult to trace 2. Manually typing of IP addresses, subnet masks or default gateways leads to communic ation problems if the credentials are wrong. 3. There are administrative overheads on internetworks when computers are frequently changed between subnets. How DHCP works DHCP server offers an automated method for IP address distribution and updating on a given network. The server offers this information to the particular client through a series of message exchanges called DHCP conversations or DHCP transactions. For communication on different subnets, a DHCP relay agent is preferred to aid the conversation. DHCP Architecture A DHCP architecture consists of DHCP servers, DHCP clients and DHCP relay agents. The DHCP client is a network-enabled device that enables the communication with the DHCP server for the purpose of getting a dynamically leased IP address. DHCP is supported in the following operating systems: Windows NT version 4, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows server 2003, windows 98, windows ME. The DHCP Server is in charge of maintaining the scope, reservations as well as op tions as set by the given administrator. Configuring a DHCP client Normally the DHCP client TCP/IP software is never configured with a static IP address but instead configured to get/obtain the IP address dynamically from the DHCP server. The leasing process of TCP/IP configuration involves the following four steps: DHCPDISCOVER-the DHCP client will broadcast a DHCP discover message that contains its specific MAC address as well as the computer name in attempt to request for an IP address from

Letter to the Editor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Letter to the Editor - Essay Example The market price of crude oil would not be so high if the demand for it was not as high. The average home in the United States spends 6,000 kilo watts of electricity. Most of this electricity is currently been generated by petroleum. There are several constraints that are making it difficult for society to switch to renewable energy sources. One of the biggest obstacles is that there is an electricity grid infrastructure based on petroleum that is worth billions of dollars. Neither the federal, state, nor local governments are providing adequate incentives to foster the growth in alternative energy sources. The government has to be the number one supporter of the green movement for energy to become economically viable for home users. A lot of people are not willing to invest in a wind mill or solar panels because it is cheaper to acquire electricity from the utility companies. There are several solutions that can help remedy the situation, but it all stars through education. The gove rnment and private sector have to improve the public relations and advertisement to create awareness to the general public about the subject. The use of radio, television, and internet announcements must be used to ensure the greatest number of people receive the message. Internet advertising is a hot trend that has gained popularity in the marketing world. In 2012 the online advertising industry generated $89.4 billion worldwide (Plunkettresearchonline). Educating the general public about the subject will go a long toward gaining the support of the people. Two alternative renewable energies that households can utilize to get off the grid are solar and wind power energy. The government has to create incentive programs that provide a subsidy in the purchase of the technology. The subsidy has to be large enough to offset the lower cost of getting energy from the grid. The government has also provided a help hand to setting up setting up a larger fund to be use for research and develop ment in research to develop new renewable energy options. The private world also has to be involved in the movement towards been stopping the dependency in fossil fuels. Corporations have more financial resources than households which makes it easier form them to spend the necessary money to invest in solar and wind energy on a large scale. The private industry should also be eligible for government subsidies in order to lower the costs of acquiring the equipment. One of the benefits of installing solar panel systems is that the excess of production of the system can be sold to the electrical companies at market value. Renewable energy systems are a green product that people who are environmentally conscious will support. Society cannot continue to disregard the abusive usage of energy both in businesses and households. It has come a time for both the government and the private sector to make a commitment to stop the accelerated usage of fossil fuels as the raw material necessary to create energy. Petroleum is starting to because scarce. At the current rate of usage petroleum will be depleted within 40 years. The product useful life of petroleum can be increased by several decades if the government and private corporations work toward together towards finding a solution to the problem. Currently the two best technologies for creating electricity are solar and wind energy. Nuclear energy is also an opinion, but the capital needed to increate the infrastructure is a barrier of entry. An important industry that

Human Resource Management for Service Idustries Assignment

Human Resource Management for Service Idustries - Assignment Example used on integrating the traditional functions of personnel management in the corporate strategies and objectives of a business is that additional human resource oriented functions of an organization can be adequately performed. In contrast, PM involves the use of traditional personnel management approaches to ensure the maintenance of equitable conditions for employment. The tourism and hospitality service sector is a diverse sector in terms of employment trends and patterns. In some regions and geographical areas, hospitality and tourism act as a high status and attractive employment industry which displays a competitive pay scale and supportive working conditions. In contrast, many of the sub sectors of the hospitality and tourism sector are marked with low pay for the employees, high staff turnover rates, poor working conditions, exploitation of the socially disadvantaged communities, the lack of effective recruitment and selection skills in the key areas and the absence of an adequate level of professionalism and fair practices in the human resource management systems. In such scenarios, the human resource managers of the hospitality and tourism sectors face complex challenges while recruiting, selecting, developing and retaining a competent, well motivated, engaged, committed and well managed group of employees. It can be argued that all these human resource management factors are absolutely necessary for maintaining desirable levels of performance standards and efficiency within an organization. Therefore, the role of the HRM becomes more profound in the current dynamic and continually changing landscape of the service sector. Since any service industry, including the tourism and hospitality industry extensively depends on the direct communication of the company personnel and representatives with the customers and on the level of customer services provided to the clientele groups, therefore, the role of human resource personnel is highly significant in

Transition on Nurses' Role Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Transition on Nurses' Role - Essay Example Last and most importantly, it asserts that every single step in the transition process is important to becoming an effective newly qualified nurse. Immediate Life Support and Its Overall Importance Immediate Life Support (ILS) was a program designed in UK to provide the newly qualified nurse the skills to manage cardiac arrest and other medical emergency procedures during his or her transition in a clinical setting (Resuscitation Council, 2011). This particular training is already mandatory for newly qualified nurses as they become hospital staffs (Cole, 2008). This training is also intended to comply with the mandatory levels of life supports, the so-called ‘Chain of Survival,’ which requires them to attend to patients during emergencies (Wirral University Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust Resuscitation Training Department, 2010). Often closely associated with Advanced Life Support (ALS), the ILS equips healthcare professionals with ALS algorithm, defibrillation, a irway management and ventilation, circulation support, and post-resuscitation care. Also, it trains them with the causes and prevention of cardiopulmonary arrest and the use of ABCDE approach. More so, it helps them manage patients in case of cardiopulmonary arrest until resuscitation team arrives, and to be able to provide support as a member of such team (Resuscitation Council, 2010). ... lso show that the knowledge and skills acquired by the students in the course of learning the ILS techniques improved their clinical practice (Gallagher and Traynor, 2011). This goes to show that Immediate Life Support course is indeed very crucial in the transition phase of newly qualified nurses. Transition Phase This phase is one of the most complicated phases in the nursing profession. For one, it causes anxiety, which is said to be caused by â€Å"perceived lack of knowledge and support† evident in one experimental study (Whitehead, 2001, pp. 330-339). In addition, it is also during this phase that the newly qualified nurse is expected to experience â€Å"transition shock.† Nevertheless, it is still a very important stage because it provides an opportunity for skills enhancement and knowledge. Moreover, nurses are also able to enhance their knowledge and reinforcement during this phase (Duchscher, 2008), thus, a very crucial portion of their medical practice. Essen tial Components of Immediate Life Support and Its Importance on the Transition of a Newly Qualified Nurse 1. ALS Algorithm Firstly, algorithm of ALS is conducted to monitor the electrical activity of the heart with the aid of cardiac monitor. After evaluating cardiac arrhythmia, nurses had to decide whether defibrillation is applied or medication administered. Some of the medicines that could be given include adrenaline, calcium, and magnesium, so as with saline or colloids to improve circulation. On the other hand, oxygen is administered and endotracheal intubation in order to secure the airway (Resuscitation Council, 2010). Basically, conducting ALS algorithm, as part of ILS, is essential because it facilitates airway management and the constant monitoring of the heart. In case irregularities arise

Methodology and procedures Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Methodology and procedures - Research Proposal Example The survey used deductive, primary and secondary research, carried out by a combination of quantitative and qualitative data collection (Bryman & Bell, 2003). The main aim of the research was to investigate marketing strategies for low cost airlines. Apart from that, the study also investigated low cost airline customer behavior in different demographic aspects With the use of quota sampling and random sampling this research also included the collection of primary data. Quota sampling was chosen because it facilitates the choice of the group of participants which can be interviewed, for example: 60 males and 60 females between the age of 19-25, 25-45 and 45-65. In contrast random sampling helped to select participants based on pure chance. Simple random sampling was chosen because it removes the bias that may occur in the selection of the sample. It was helpful in making sure that the data was accurate and portrayed the aspirations of the whole population. The investigation of the ra ndom sampling showed that some students did not have enough experience to answer the questionnaire and it took the surveyor some time to guide them filling the questionnaires. Some students held discussions on their own project papers and therefore did not have enough time to answer the low cost airline questionnaire. The nature of this research mainly consists of qualitative questions. These questions assisted the researcher to study the marketing strategies of low cost carriers in Europe.... More questionnaires were collected from College Lane than De Havilland because De Havilland students spent more time on the discussion of their assignments and therefore did not have much time to answer the questionnaires. The primary research included both male and female students. Specific responses about travel offers will be supported with opinions and thoughts from electronic journals and websites. The questionnaire comprised of seventeen questions. There were 13 close-ended and 3 open-ended questions. Close-ended questions limit the responder's choices and specify certain options which the responders have to choose. It is also considered useful because if responders see too many questions in which they have write their opinion they feel like not filling the questionnaire. This was the reason why the majority of the questions in our survey were close ended. However, since these questions do not answer the problem and does not ask for opinion they are not very helpful in reaching the conclusions. As a result, we opted for four open ended-questions. Open-ended questions are those questions which normally ask for the responder's opinion rather than giving them choices to choose from. The greatest advantage of these questions is that it removes the bias that may occur due to limited choice and it gives greater freedom of expression. However, the reasons why the less open ended questions were asked than the close-ended questions were because they are time consuming and the survey may mi sinterpret the response. A subtle mix or balance of open-ended and close ended questions is necessary when designing a questionnaire for primary research. As a result, a lot of time was given to designing the questionnaire and

The Power of Words Essay Example for Free

The Power of Words Essay The Power of Words. Patrie Rothfuss once said â€Å"Words are pale shadows of forgotten names. As the names have power, words have power. Words can light fires in the mind of men. Words can bring tears from the hardest hearts. † Life of Pi directed by Ang Lee, highly inspired and affectionate movie. Life of Pi is a three part story of Piscine Patel, a sixteen- year- old South Indian boy who survives out at sea with a Bengal tiger for 227 days and then tells this story of a young writer who came to Pisine for inspiration. The movie conveys many interesting themes, but one that is very influential is the power of words. The theme power of words as well is the main focus of the story â€Å"Two words† written by Isabel Allende in 1989. â€Å"Two Words† follows the story of a female character that grows up as an orphan with no one to support her. She eventually learns the impact that words and reading can have, particularly among a society that is largely illiterate. She ends up making money by writing letters for other people. Words have high and influential power that can affect people’s identity, fate, and meaning or purpose of their lives. Two media pieces the movie Life of Pi and story â€Å"Two words† conveys a lot about the power of words and how they are influencing people. Identity is the distinct personality of an individual regarded as a persisting entity; it is a set of personal morals, beliefs, and characteristics which depict overall person identity. In Life of Pi words play a crucial role in shaping main characters identity. At the beginning of the movie, Pi initially named as Pisine Molitor Patel, but everyone at school makes fun of him and called him â€Å"pissing†. This causes Pi to take a stand and change his identity, change his name to Pi. During the course of Pis life the influence of words contours his individuality as well. His father states how can he find a way, if he cannot find a path (Life of Pi 2012). This conveys strict expectations that father have of his son. So Pi will try to change his identity and personal morals to meet the expectations that his father have of him. The power of words in shaping identity is a huge theme in the short story â€Å"Two Words† as well. Due to a fact that the main character Belisa Crepusculario has been born into a poor family â€Å"so poor that they did not even have names to call their children† (Allende 2). Without a name, a persons identity can remain unknown. Then, as her character develops she decides to give herself a name Belisa Crepusculario and when this event happened, she started shaping her identity from the state of poor and tentative to a strong and confident individual. Words act as helping hand in transforming Belisa’s character from weak little girl to a strong liberal woman, consistently shaping her identity. Identity is a huge theme that has been conveyed in the movie Life of Pi and the story Two Words. Joseph Campbell once stated â€Å"Life has no meaning. Each of us has meaning and we bring it to life†. Meaning of life has been discussed in the movie Life of Pi and short story â€Å"Two Words†. During the course main character’s life, the meaning of Pi’s life is changing throughout. At one point it is to live a happy and quiet life in India and at the other point, it is to get through all of the obstacles that happened so rapidly in his life. The influence of words contours Pi’s life. At some point Pi stated â€Å"It is true that those we meet can change us, by the actions they take or the words they say sometimes so profoundly that we are not the same afterwards, even into our names† (Life of Pi 2012). The fact that Pi said that shows how the influence of other individuals and the actions they perform are the words they say changed his life and as the result changed the meaning of his life. In the short story â€Å"Two Words† similar situation is happening, person’s meaning of life is changing throughout the story. One of the main characters Colonel wanted to become a president and he needed Belisa’s help in writing the speech for him. Belisa did very well in her job and wrote a speech for him and as well gave him two secret words that only Colonel and she knew. At some point in the story the meaning of Colonel life was to become a president, but then it slowly start changing. He was repeating his secret words, as he did more and more obsessed. He told them when he was mellow with nostalgia; he murmured them in his sleep; he carried them with him on horseback; he thought them before delivering his famous speech; and he caught himself savoring them in his leisure time. And every time he thought of those two words, he thought of Belisa Crepusculario, and his senses were inflamed with the memory of her feral scent, her fiery heat, the whisper of her hair, and her sweet mint breath in his ear, until he began to  go around like a sleepwalker, and his men realized that he might die before he ever sat in the presidential chair (Allende 4). These two words changed Colonel meaning of life from the point in which he wanted to become a president to the point where he become obsessed with two words the Belisa told to him, and he just wanted to see her. Meaning of life is a huge theme that is being conveyed through both movie Life of Pi and short story â€Å"Two words†, this two media piece brings a new perspective to the meaning of life. â€Å" Fate and self-help share equally in shaping our destiny† – Winston Churchill. Words play a crucial role in changing the persons fate or destiny in the story â€Å"Two Words† and the movie Life of Pi. â€Å"Other than becoming a prostitute or a servant in a rich man’s kitchen, there were few jobs that she can do†(Allende 2). The main character in â€Å"Two Words† Belisa Crepusculario had very few opportunities in life, and all of them were not attractive, but she stands and take action to change her destiny. She becomes very liberal, strong and confident person, â€Å"she had no need to call out her wares, because with so much walking here and there everybody knew her† (Allende 1). Therefore Belisa changed her fate and what she was meant to be, all of this is because of her occupation which consisted of selling words, and as she believed words have high and influential power on everything in life. This shows how power of words can change persons fate and what an individual is meant to be. The power of words in changing the destiny conveyed a lot in the movie Life of Pi. Similar to Belisa’s character, Pi experimenting trauma in his life, almost bringing him to solitude. At the point in life where Pis life was at one of its worst points, he states â€Å"Words are all I left to hold on to† (Life of Pi 2012). During the darkest times Pi has been writing a diary, which bring him hope and motive back to life. In addition Pi’s fathers words â€Å"how he can find a way if he cannot find a path† (Life of Pi 2012), reside in his mind as a constant reminder of the expectations that his father have of him. Therefore these words change Pi’s life and fate. Pi at one point stated â€Å"you must take life the way it comes at you and make the best of it† (Life of Pi 2012). This shows the Pi’s view and thoughts about the life and destiny, and how his own ideas and his fathers words affected his life. Fate is very complicated and unpredictable, but an individual can stand and take an action to change his destiny, change his life. Inspirational movie, Life of Pi directed by Ang Lee. Life of Pi is a story of Piscine Patel, a sixteen-year-old Indian boy who survives out at sea with a Bengal tiger for 227 days and afterwards tells his story of a writer who came to Pisine for muse. The movie conveys many exceptional themes, but one that have high impact is the power of words. The theme power of words is conveyed in the story â€Å"Two Words†. â€Å"Two Words† written by Isabel Allende in 1989, the story of a female character that grown up as a poor person with no one to support her in life. She eventually learns the impact that words and reading can have on people, particularly among a society that is largely not educated and illeterate. She ends up making money by writing letters for other people. Words have high and influential power that can affect people’s identity, fate, and meaning or purpose of their lives. Two media pieces the movie Life of Pi and story â€Å"Two words† conveys a lot about the power of words and how they are influencing people throughout their lives.

First Language and Learning English Essay Example for Free

First Language and Learning English Essay Language is the most dynamic form of symbolism that cultures possesses. Language is the medium in which people interact and communicate for the exchange of ideas, knowledge and feelings. Language acquisition has been one of the most intriguing aspects of human nature and had been the focus of different disciplines. For the most part, language acquisition had been theorized and conceptualized in different ways all of which was to determine where language came from and how it developed. On the other hand, the multicultural aspect and globalization of our society have made it almost a necessity to learn English as the most favored international language. Most educational curriculums in the world integrate the learning of English as a second language especially in areas where the first or native language is structurally different from English (Gitsaki, 1998). According to Krashen’s (1981) model of second language acquisition â€Å"acquired and learned languages are different†. Language acquisition is a subconscious process brought about by the meaningful interaction of the individual with the target language while learning a language is a conscious process which results in conscious knowledge about the language (Krashen, 1981, p. 103). Learning a second language is a complex process that can be affected by different factors, one of the most leading issue is that of how first language affects the teaching of English as a foreign language in the classroom. Several researches have reported that first language proficiency strongly predicts English language learning (Clay, 1993; Snow, Burns, Griffin, 1998), moreover, a strong correlation between first language fluency and learning English was also reported (Hiebert, Pearson, Taylor, Richardson, and Paris, 1998). Children who have to learn a second language generally have to use first language in comprehension and analysis of the information exchanged in the second language. Therefore the impact of first language to learning a second language can be facilitative while it can also interfere with learning a second language such as English (Bialystok, 2002). This literature review would present what has been known about the role of the first language in learning English as a second language in the context of classroom learning as well as how teachers can effectively use the first language to the teaching of English. This exercise would also discuss the theoretical framework, the research methods and the strengths and weaknesses of the presented literature. Appendix Auerbach, E. (1993). Reexamining English only in the ESL classroom. TESOL Quarterly, 27(1). Bialystok, E. (2002). Cognitive processes of L2 users. In V. Cook (Ed. ), Portrait of the L2 user (pp. 147-165). New York: Multilingual Matters. Burden, P. (2000). The use of the students mother tongue in monolingual English ‘conversation’ classes at Japanese universities. TLT Online Editor. Retrieved May 12, 2008, from http://www. jalt-publications. org/tlt/articles/2000/06/burden Clay, M. (1993). Reading Recovery in English and other Languages. Keynote address presented at the West Coast Literacy Conference, Palm Springs, CA Cummins, J. (2000). Language, power and pedagogy: Bilingual children in the crossfire. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters. Cummins, J. (2001). Bilingual children’s mother tongue: Why is it important for education? Retrieved May 12, 2008, from http://www. oise. utoronto. ca/MLC/MotherTongueDK. pdf Garcia, G. E. (2000). Bilingual childrens reading. In M. Kamil, P. Mosenthal, D. Pearson, R. Barr (Eds. ), Handbook of reading research Volume III (pp. 163-179). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Giacobbe, J. (1992). A cognitive view of the role of L1 in the L2 acquisition process. Second Language Research, 8; 3, 232-250. Gitsaki, C. (1998) Second Language Acquisition Theories: Overview and Evaluation. Journal of Communication and International Studies 4; 2:89-98. Hamers, J. Blanc, M. (2000). Bilinguality and bilingualism 2nd ed. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Is Social Trust a Cause for Civic Disengagement?

Is Social Trust a Cause for Civic Disengagement? Is social trust a cause for civic disengagement in the last few decades? Research question In the last few decades since the Post War period, there has been a sharp decline in civic engagement in world democracies. Civic disengagement is mostly reflected in low levels of electoral turnout, low volunteering activity, low levels of social capital and social trust. This research focuses on low levels of social trust as a crucial cause for low civic engagement. Social trust refers to the level of trust each individual has towards other individuals in a community, organizations and authorities inside a community. Levels of social trust are often associated with levels of social capital. Social capital is the network of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively. The decline in social capital erodes civic participation, impersonal trust, social and political trust. This research will base its literature review upon two different theoretical arguments; one theory based on Robert Putnam, Dietlind Stolle et al., argue that the main cause for low social trust levels rests on ethnic diversity and that more homogenous communities have higher levels of social trust which in turn leads to more social capital. Whereas Natalia Letki develops a counterargument in which refers to social deprivation being the main cause for low levels of social trust but nevertheless it is neglected by many analysts which primarily focus on ethnic diversity. Based on the methodology, the research will conclude whether to accept the working hypotheses and reject null hypothesis and decide which theoretical argument fits better based on the results. The topic raised by this research is of great significance as the rise of civic disengagement is a problematic evidence in world societies that needs to be addressed and be given importance. The absence of social trust causes setbacks to social cooperation, civic activity and creates individuality and social divisions in a community. This research attempts to raise awareness by analysing these problems and provide a series of solutions that could be used to boost higher levels of social trust in a community in order to increase civic engagement. Literature Review Social trust is strongly associated with many other forms of civic engagement and social capital; people who trust their fellow citizens volunteer more often, contribute more to charity, are more engaged and participate more often in community organizations, serve more readily on juries, comply more fully with their tax obligations, are more tolerant of minority views and display many other forms of civic virtue (Putnam , 2000, p. 136). The issue of diversity in relation to trust is widely discussed between political analysts. Robert Putnam, Dietlind Stolle et al., argue that social and all elements of social capital are unlikely to happen in multi-ethnic community as neighbourhoods, regions or states with more ethnic, racial experience substantially low levels of social capital and cooperation which hinder collective action and social welfare. According to Putnam trust should prosper in homogenous settings and suffer when faced with heterogeneity. ‘Trust seems easier to develop when we are familiar with the people around us, and particularly when they appear similar to ourselves’ (Stolle , et al., 2008, p. 58). This theory argues that ethnic and racial differences discourage reliance on the behaviour of one’s neighbours, friends and colleagues, thereby reducing levels of interpersonal trust, the capacity for cooperation and support for collective action. On the other hand Natalia Letki, counter argues that the main factor undermining all types of interactions and positive attitudes among neighbours is low-socio economic status as opposed to ethnic diversity. She further develops that many analysts often combine ethnic diversity with social deprivation which leads them to cause a direct correlation between ethnic diversity and low levels of social capital; deprivation is the major factor eroding community relations and negatively tinting ethnic diversity due to correlation of ethnic diversity and social deprivation (Letkin, 2008, p. 101). She agrees with Putnam’s theory that diversity may well have a negative effect on individuals’ propensity to interact with fellow neighbours; however, once the interaction takes place, its effect is positive: the attitudes of racial hostility, distrust and prejudice are overcome and an individual becomes more favourable towards other people in general (Letkin, 2008, p. 105). According t o her, common principles and shared values can also be founded in multi-ethnic, multi-faith and multi-cultural societies (Letkin, 2008, p. 103). Hypotheses As for this multivariate analysis, the main dependent variable of the model tested in this research is neighbourhood social trust, which is regressed at the individual level on social volunteering, ethnic diversity, social deprivation, education and age. This research hypothesises that low social trust levels are mainly affected by social deprivation rather than ethnic diversity, therefore supporting the theoretical argument from Natalia Letki. It also hypothesises that the ethnic diversity can also have a significant impact on social trust level in a short term period, but it is unlikely that this variable will continue to have a significant impact in the long run once the interaction between diverse ethnicities takes place, its effect is positive: the attitudes of racial hostility and prejudice are overcome, and an individual becomes more favourable towards other people in general, increasing levels of social trust. Therefore, the association between ethnic diversity and social trust is a spurious association. In a spurious association, the confounding variable acts as obscure in the true relationship between two variables. The confounding variable in this case is ethnic diversity (X variable) which has a direct relationship with social trust (Y variable), however, because social deprivation (Z variable) is also considered, the significance of the direct relationship between ethnic diversity and social trust disappears. Therefore the association between ethnic diversity (variable X) and social trust (variable Y) is due to both of them being influenced by class deprivation (variable Z) as illustrated in figure 1. Methodology To answer this research question it is necessary to use statistical data to support the argument. The raw data supplied is from SPSS statistics which this research will work with. The table below shows the data results accounted for each variable in the model. Data results were coded from respondents which were asked how much they are likely to trust an individual based on nine different variables in the model. Note that only the most important/significant variables are illustrated graphically. Volunteering measures social capital levels. Its P-value is smaller than 0.05 and therefore, we reject the null hypothesis as there is an association between social trust and social capital controlling for all other variables in model. The association is positive as B coefficient is 0.492 and this means that as volunteering levels increase social trust is also increasing. This positive relationship is illustrated graphically in figure 2 and through the slope of the line of best fit, it is possible to see the type of relationship between the dependent and independent variables. Ethnicity-white, measures the white population density where respondents live in relation to social trust. P-value is bigger than 0.05 and so we accept the null hypothesis as there is no association between white ethnic density and social trust when we control for all other variables in the model. Social deprivation is measured through social class and professional occupation. P-value is less than 0.05 and so the null hypothesis is rejected as there is an association between social deprivation and social trust when we control for all other variables in the model. The relationship is positive as B coefficient is 0.40 meaning that as the levels of social status increase, social trust also increases. This is graphically illustrated in figure 4, as the slope of the line is upwards. Ethnicity measures the ethnicity of the respondent against social trust. It is a dummy variable 0= white, 1= ethnic minority. Its P-value is less than 0.05 and the relationship is negative as B coefficient is -0.548. We reject the null hypothesis as the there is an association when we control these two variables in the model. This is graphically illustrated in figure 5. Graduate measures the level of education against social trust. Its P-value is smaller 0.05 and there is a positive association between the two variables when we control the two variables in the model as B coefficient is 0.775. This means that as number of graduates increase social trust levels will also increase. This is graphically illustrated in figure 6 through the slope of the line of best fit. The P-value is smaller than 0.05 when age and social trust are measured. There is a positive association when we control both variables in the model as B value is 0.21. As age increases social trust also increases and this is graphically illustrated in figure 7 through the slope of the line of best fit. Conclusion To conclude this research, it is important to link the results from the data with the two distinct theoretical arguments from Putnam, Stolle et al. Based on the results, it is more plausible to accept Letki’s argument in which social deprivation has a bigger impact on social trust levels than ethnic diversity. The B coefficient for social deprivation is 0.40 and 0.004 for white ethnic density when both are measured against social trust. The slope of the line is more positive for social deprivation meaning that the higher the levels of social status the higher impact it has on social trust levels, if social status decrease then social trust will immediately decrease. Therefore we agree with the argument Letki makes on social inequality affecting social cohesion – ‘Individual-level deprivation, regardless of one’s ethnic background, limits opportunities to participate in social life and exercise civic rights and neighbourhood deprivation is associated with po or living conditions and disorder’ (Letkin, 2008, p. 101). It is also important to name a few solutions that could be used to increase social trust levels in a community. Firstly, we need to mobilise people to engage. Mobilisation is a very consistent influence on civic engagement. People who are asked to undertake a particular action are more likely to be civically active than those who are not, particularly if they are asked by a close acquaintance. Therefore, people respond most readily to requests from friends and family. But failing that, they are also responsive to requests from more distant acquaintances – better to be asked than not to be asked at all (Pattie, et al., 2003, p. 461). Also people also need to be persuaded to take more actions inside a community, as Putnam suggests it seems that encouraging people to join clubs, societies and voluntary organisations helps engender some form of civic action. Social trust is often emerged through collective activism, as individuals interact more with each other in any kind of socia l activity they become more familiar and confident with the surroundings and other individuals around them. Bibliography Halperin , S. Heath, O., (2012) Political Research: Methods and Pratical Skills. 1st ed. New York: Oxford University Press. Letkin, N., (2008) Does diversity erode social cohesion? Social capital and Race in British neighbourhoods. Political studies , 56(1), pp. 99-121. Pattie, C., Seyd, P. Whiteley, P., (2003) Citizenship ad Civic Engagement: Attitudes and Behaviour in Britain. Political Studies, 51(3), pp. 443-466. Putnam , R., (2000) Bowling Alone: The collapse and revival of American community. 1st ed. New York : Simon Schuster Paperbacks. Stolle , D., Soroka, S. Johnston, R., (2008) When Does Diversity Rrode Trust? Neighbourhood Diversity, Interperonal Trust and Mediating Effect of Social Interaction. Poltiical Studies, 56(1st), pp. 56-71. 1

The Symbol of the South :: essays papers

The Symbol of the South The battle flag of the South stands above the capitol building in Columbia, SC. It waves proudly, echoing the lives and blood of men who sacrificed everything they were, and everything they had for something they believed in. They fought valliantly and bravely to protect their homeland, and to gain independence of the Union. The flag stands there, not as a symbol of hate, racial inequality, or blood-thirsty war, but as a symbol reflecting the rich South and the men who gave everything for it. Black and white, Indian, Irish and English, so many fought in the war. Blacks stood, shoulder to shoulder, with white men. Their blood is embedded as deeply as any white man's in the flag of the Confederacy. We all bleed red, the blood of many races were mingled on those ghostly battlefields when the smoke cleared. Removing the flag from where it has stood for over 60 years would be like saying that all of those men had given their lives for naught. Perhaps it would not have been best for the South to have won the war, but we should respect and uphold the men who fought so bravely for their cause. The mistaken idea that the Civil War was about slavery is one of the many causes that the flag's right to be above the capitol is questioned. This mistaken idea often causes problems between the races of this state. Slavery was wrong. I would never try to justify it, because it can not be justified. It was simply wrong, God made us all equal. A human being was never intended to be treated like an animal, animals even were not meant to be treated like slaves. Slavery is a sensitive area, but the flag does not reflect this. The war was about the South's right to make it's own laws, and to be free from the Union. There were many Black soldiers there in the Confederacy of their own will. They loved the South just as any white man. The flag means to harm to black people; it is there representing many lives of blacks who died in the war as well! Most of the white men who fought in the war did not even own slaves. The very high majority were not slave owners at all.

East Asian Economic Crisis :: essays papers

East Asian Economic Crisis A large economic downturn in East Asia threatens to end its nearly 30 year run of high growth rates. The crisis has caused Asian currencies to fall 50-60%, stock markets to decline 40%, banks to close, and property values to drop. The crisis was brought on by currency devaluations, bad banking practices, high foreign debt,loose government regulation, and corruption. Due to East Asia's large impact on the world economy, the panic in Thailand, Indonesia, Korea, and other Asian countries has prompted other countries to worry about the affect on their own economies and offer aid to the financially troubled nations (Sanger 1). The East Asian crisis has affected almost all of the Asian nations, but the three hardest hit countries are Thailand, Indonesia, and South Korea. The panic began in Thailand in May of 1997 when speculators, worried about Thailand's slowing economy, exces sive debt, and political instability devalued the baht as they fled for market-driven currencies like the American dollar. Indonesia's economy soon fell soon after when the rupiah hit a record low against the U.S. dollar. Indonesia is plagued by more than $70 billion worth of bad debts and a corrupt and inefficient government. Thailand and Indonesia also suffer from being overbuilt during real estate booms that Reven2 were the result of huge influxes of cash by optimistic foreign investors. South Korea faltered under the weight of its huge foreign debt, decreasing exports, and weakening currency (Lochhead 4-5). Other major countries touched by the crisis are Japan, China, Malaysia, and the Philippines. Japan's economy is burdened by $300 billion in bad bank loans and a recession. Chinese banks may carry bad banks loans of up to $1 trillion. The banks lend 66% of China's investment capital to state-run industries that only produce 12% of China's industrial output (Manning 2). Malaysia and the Philippines are both faced with devalued currencies and lowered stock markets (Lochhead 5). The implications of the Asian financial crisis are many. A declining Asian economy will reduce demand for U.S. and other countries' exports. The devalued currencies of East Asia will make Asian imports seen cheap and will lead to increased American imports, thus increasing our trade deficit (Lochhead 2). A worldwide banking emergency could result if the embattled Asian economies failed to pay back their loans to the U.S. and other countries (Duffy 2). If the Asian economies fall further, in a desire to raise cash, they might sell the hundreds of billion dollars of U.S. treasuries they now own, leading to higher interest rates and an American recession (Lacayo 2).

Hedda Gabler Essay -- Literary Analysis, Henrik Ibsen

The mind and mental processes can affect and shape human behavior. Some of the subtlest actions are outcomes of a person’s emotion, treatment, and provide underlying messages unknowingly exhibited and communicated. This occurs internally and is exposed through accidental or unintentional conduct. Hedda Gabler is an affluent European woman living a life of nobility and service. Pampered and easily neglected by her companions, she is unfulfilled by the amount of praise she receives in her household. Her strange and awkward behavior reveals the lack of foundation in her marriage. In Hedda Gabler, Henrik Ibsen uses stage directions to portray Hedda as a furtively vexatious, manipulative, and discontented woman trapped in marriage and in doing so, he presents the restrictive lifestyle of wealthy Victorian women. Wearing a facade, Hedda is unaware of her appearance as one disturbed and clandestine. Overhearing her husband compare himself with Là ¶vborg, Hedda turns â€Å"to BRACK, laughing, with a touch of scorn† (Ibsen 31). Chuckling artificially, she intends to disguise her misery, to uphold her pride and to avoid pity. By her sarcastic and disconcerted tone, she intends to communicate with Brack of her annoyance towards Tesman. Amid their discussion, Thea tells of having influence over Là ¶vborg, and Hedda â€Å"[Conceals] an involuntary sneer† (Ibsen 26). The words â€Å"conceals† (Ibsen 26) and â€Å"involuntary† (Ibsen 26) attempt to highlight her stealth and jealousy towards Thea’s aptitude in influencing her spouse. On these certain occasions, she is unable to constrain her irritation. Left alone, â€Å"Hedda, now quite serious †¦peeps through the curtain†¦takes Là ¶vborg’s package †¦turns and listens†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Ibsen 8 0). Through actions such as â€Å"peeps† (Ibsen 80) ... ...ht away. During 1980s, readers, particularly women probably felt confronted and alienated. In efforts to relate Hedda Gabler to the audience, it instead may have been rejected in the era because of the contrast between the norms and the rebellious and strong artistic expression. Ibsen intends to portray the underlying literature and symbolism involved; wealth cannot replace true joy and love. Individuals want liberty, a free will, an opinion, a voice, a mind, and prefer to have a choice of their own. Furthermore, people may not have control over certain situations but must learn to make the most out of life because emotions can be shaped and managed. After Hedda had chosen to marry Tesman, she regretfully spends her life chained to being his emotional security, and continually tries compensating for her life’s mistake as apparent in the play’s stage directions. Hedda Gabler Essay -- Literary Analysis, Henrik Ibsen The mind and mental processes can affect and shape human behavior. Some of the subtlest actions are outcomes of a person’s emotion, treatment, and provide underlying messages unknowingly exhibited and communicated. This occurs internally and is exposed through accidental or unintentional conduct. Hedda Gabler is an affluent European woman living a life of nobility and service. Pampered and easily neglected by her companions, she is unfulfilled by the amount of praise she receives in her household. Her strange and awkward behavior reveals the lack of foundation in her marriage. In Hedda Gabler, Henrik Ibsen uses stage directions to portray Hedda as a furtively vexatious, manipulative, and discontented woman trapped in marriage and in doing so, he presents the restrictive lifestyle of wealthy Victorian women. Wearing a facade, Hedda is unaware of her appearance as one disturbed and clandestine. Overhearing her husband compare himself with Là ¶vborg, Hedda turns â€Å"to BRACK, laughing, with a touch of scorn† (Ibsen 31). Chuckling artificially, she intends to disguise her misery, to uphold her pride and to avoid pity. By her sarcastic and disconcerted tone, she intends to communicate with Brack of her annoyance towards Tesman. Amid their discussion, Thea tells of having influence over Là ¶vborg, and Hedda â€Å"[Conceals] an involuntary sneer† (Ibsen 26). The words â€Å"conceals† (Ibsen 26) and â€Å"involuntary† (Ibsen 26) attempt to highlight her stealth and jealousy towards Thea’s aptitude in influencing her spouse. On these certain occasions, she is unable to constrain her irritation. Left alone, â€Å"Hedda, now quite serious †¦peeps through the curtain†¦takes Là ¶vborg’s package †¦turns and listens†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Ibsen 8 0). Through actions such as â€Å"peeps† (Ibsen 80) ... ...ht away. During 1980s, readers, particularly women probably felt confronted and alienated. In efforts to relate Hedda Gabler to the audience, it instead may have been rejected in the era because of the contrast between the norms and the rebellious and strong artistic expression. Ibsen intends to portray the underlying literature and symbolism involved; wealth cannot replace true joy and love. Individuals want liberty, a free will, an opinion, a voice, a mind, and prefer to have a choice of their own. Furthermore, people may not have control over certain situations but must learn to make the most out of life because emotions can be shaped and managed. After Hedda had chosen to marry Tesman, she regretfully spends her life chained to being his emotional security, and continually tries compensating for her life’s mistake as apparent in the play’s stage directions.

Negative Images of African Americans in the Media

Mass media is a powerful force in American pop culture. Images seen on billboards, television, magazines, and the big screen create lasting impressions. Sometimes these impressions have a negative impact. Mass media can be very detrimental to society if it is not criticized. Many groups of Americans are negatively affected by the images and content of mass media. African Americans are at the top of this list. Images of African Americans in television, music, and film are often less than stellar.Black men are often portrayed as drug pushers, pimps, thugs, and dead beat dads, while black women are portrayed as poor, lazy, and promiscuous. This needs to stop! That is a given! Question is, how are these negative images going to be stopped? Several steps should be taken in order to prevent these negative images in the media. The origins of these images need to be examined, and modern racism and prejudice need to be exposed. There may be some accuracy to the negative images of African Amer icans in the media, but that is no excuse.The media should focus more on uplifting people. African Americans have historically had a disadvantage when compared to their white counterparts. This should not be exploited for entertainment purposes. African Americans are often placed in roles that portray them as poorly educated. This dates all the way to minstrel shows! This is still a problem today! Americans are more comfortable laughing at blacks as appose to understanding blacks. The main problem with images of African Americans is that they are one dimensional.African Americans are diverse and come from a variety of backgrounds. If an African American is portrayed as a druggie or a convict, then there should be some reasoning behind this. People don't become drug addicts for the fun of it; they become drug addicts because they want to numb themselves from the pain and suffering of their everyday lives. Black men and women don't become criminals because they are horrible people. Th ey become criminals because they are taught that they have no other option!African Americans have to stand up for themselves and fight against the media. That is the only way things will change. While doing this, they may have to criticize other African Americans. This should be done with love. Black rappers, singers, and actors should be held with some responsibility. Black leaders like Oprah Winfrey and Bill Cosby have spoken out about this. Rappers, including Ludacris and 50 Cent have been criticized for their lyrics.It is unclear if they are rapping about their experiences in order to expose their struggles, or if they are exploiting the black struggle with their lyrics. Violence, sexuality, and the lack of education are unfortunately a part of African American society. The media should show this. Rappers and singers should perform songs about this. Black actors should play roles that depict this. Black actors, singers, and rappers should not exploit these disadvantages. Instead they should use their craft to create solutions to these problems. Drugs and violence should not be glamorized!

Traditions Aren’t Always Worth Keeping

On the morning of June 27th, a tiny town of about 300 people, meet in the town square for a tradition they call â€Å"the lottery. † The kids come first to the square, straight from school, then come the fathers, and then the mothers after they finish the housework. They all stand waiting as they call the names of all the fathers in the families to the front to pull a wood chip from a black box, and the family with the black dot on their wood chip will participate in â€Å"the lottery. † Each member of that family will draw a piece of paper hoping is doesn’t contain a black dot.Whoever gets that specific piece of paper will be stoned to death by the whole town. This intense story comes to life in Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery,† written in 1948. This is a very trying story that has a huge impact on the town, and ends with a stoning. This small town has become accustomed to this tradition that will not be let go. After studying the story, Shirle y Jackson presents the theme that, People are reluctant to reject outdated traditions, ideas, and/or practices. According to dictionary. com, Traditions are beliefs or customs taught by one generation to the next, often orally.These traditions are maintained usually by societies and government’s, and share history, customs, culture, the teaching of language, and sometimes education. Traditions are a part of our society today, and some traditions date back to past generations. Us as individuals may have our own traditions in our own family, usually being annual traditions. Government and city traditions are different that family traditions, in the way that, throughout the years traditions may need to be altered or changed depending on the times, as generation change. However, this doesn’t always happen. The lottery,† is a tradition in this town that is not even a thought when it comes to change. Some people in the town feel that there was a reason this tradition w as started, and it should be continued. It has caused a lot of tension and a lot of ideas on whether or not this tradition should be kept. Many people in the town feel this is a harsh way of exiling someone from the town, and feel it is very unnecessary. Traditions become a big part in this story and present the theme throughout the story. â€Å"The morning of June 27th was clear and sunny. . . . . The people of the village began to gather in the square, between the post office and the bank around ten o’clock,† (Jackson 586).This passage that opens the short story presents the setting, but also shows the audience that the setting is a part of the tradition of â€Å"the lottery. † Every year in June this routine of coming to the square to participate in â€Å"the lottery† becomes second nature to the town, and they soon realize that this is a tradition that will continue. Jackson not only discusses that the setting is a tradition, but also presents that ev en the materials that they use are traditions as well. The black box now resting on the stool had been put into use before Old Man Warner, the oldest ma in town, was born,† (587). The box is the item that is used for the drawing, which by this point, as old as it is, needs to be remade. â€Å"Mr. Summers spoke frequently to the villagers about making a new box, but no one like to upset even as much tradition as was represented by the black box,† (587). Traditions in this town will not be easily let go. This box does need some serious work, but Jackson goes on to say that they just tape it up and it’s ready to go for the next year.Cummings Study presents â€Å"This box is used as a symbol to present that this town is stubborn and doesn’t want to give up their traditions, even a simple item is something they can’t get rid of. Everything needs to be the original. † Traditions are even kept in the process of performing the lottery. Mr. Summers, o n of the main characters in the story and presides over the lottery states, â€Å"Now I’ll read the names- heads of the families first- and the men come up and take a paper out of the box.Keep the paper folded in your hand without looking at it until everyone has had a turn,† (589). This is the process of the lottery and it shows that even this hasn’t changed. Jackson goes on to say that the people of this town had heard this speech so much that they half listened. She also says that most of them were quiet and frustrated with what was about to happen. â€Å"The lottery has become very frustrating to these people, and after so many years participating in the lottery is enough,† states Brothers Judd, a review of the story.So how many years has this been going on? Old Man Warner, a character in the story, says â€Å"Seventy-seventh year I been in the lottery. Seventy Seventh time,† (590) which shows the audience that this tradition has gone on a long time. At the event there was even talk between two of the characters Old Man Warner and Mr. Adams on the fact that over in the North Village are talking about giving up the lottery, and Old Man Warner comes back and says â€Å"Pack of crazy fools. Listening to the young folks, nothing’s good enough for them.Next thing you know they’ll want to go back to living in caves, nobody work anymore, live that way for a while. Used to be a saying ‘lottery in June, corn be heavy soon’. . . . . There’s always been a lottery,† (590). With strong feelings Old Man Warner shows that the lottery is here to stay and it always will be. It is the town history and is part of their culture. The stubborn attitudes of some people in this story have caused a problem in this town when deciding on whether or not to keep the lottery. Jackson is trying to get across that even though this is an old tradition it needs to be kept around.Keeping these traditions are not alw ays the best thing to do. Looking at America’s history, we had several traditions that we have had, that have had negative impacts such as, slavery, Salem Witch Trials, and Voting, that had they not been changed our country would not be where it is today. Some of the characters in the story realize that change is good and the traditions should be looked at more to see if this is actually worth keeping, while other characters don’t care what others think and are strict to following the tradition.Jackson shows the audience of the story that traditions are there for a reason, but also shows that change is always good. People are reluctant to reject outdated traditions, ideas, and/or practices. We need to be open to new ideas. America has in its history and following the same traditions isn’t always right. Overall this was a great story and would defiantly recommend it. Jackson presents many more ideas than what I have mentioned and I think every reader should exper ience it themselves.

Social Policy – Discipline or Area of Study?

Social Policy is that part of public policy that focuses on improving human conditions i. e. well-being of the public. Social Policy, therefore, is about welfare. It concentrates on social problems such especially issues of education, health, housing, social security and income support. According to Beveridge’s report that was published in 1942 and included in the Labour Party’s 1945 manifesto, Five Giant Social Evils had undermined the British society before the war: ignorance, disease, squalor, idleness and want. These are the five main evils that Social Policy centers on. In my view, Social Policy is interdisciplinary as it draws on many social science subjects but it is a distinct academic discipline in its own right, both in terms of its points of concentration and its methods of analysis. The development of Social Policy as a ‘policy’ and its development as a discipline are closely linked. Formed in 1884, the Fabian Society, which was influenced by the work of labour MP Sidney Webb and that of Booth and Rowntree, challenged the conservative political assumption that economic markets could meet the welfare needs of all was challenged and argued that policy intervention by the state was needed to provide those forms of support and protection which the markets failed to provide. Social Policy was then recognized as an academic discipline of importance when The Webbs – Sidney Webb and his wife Beatrice Webb, both prominent Fabians – established the London School of Economics (LSE). Within it, they incorporated the Charity Organization Society’s School of Sociology to form a new Department of Social Sciences and Administration in 1912. Its first lecturer was Clement Attlee, who became Prime Minister of the UK after the Second World War, and in 1950, Richard Titmuss was appointed as the first Professor of Social Administration in the UK. Until 1987, Social Administration and Social Policy were used interchangeably, but later the name was changed to Social Policy as it was felt that social administration focused largely on analyzing the operation of existing welfare services where as what was now known as Social Policy also analyzed the political and ideological bases of welfare provision. Social Policy is a broad but distinct academic discipline as it is closely elated to many social science disciplines, four of the more important ones being Sociology, Economics, Political Economy and Political Science, but it only draws on them to achieve what are believed to be the objectives of a successful social policy: equality, social justice, liberty and the rights of a citizen. Sociology helps one understand the causes and effects of social divisions such as those on the basis of race, gender or class. Its subject matter ranges from the micro level of face-to-face interaction to the macro level of societies at large, and traditionally, sociologists have focused on topics such as social relations, social stratification, social interaction, culture and deviance. Social Policy, on the other hand, is about provision of welfare to these various people and draws on Sociology to become aware of the various social divisions in order to better understand the needs of each particular group and how welfare can be provided to them. Economics explores the concepts of scarcity and resource allocation. In his 1932 essay, British economist Lionel Robbins described economics as the â€Å"science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses†. It also provides insight into the concepts of equity and efficiency. These concepts are central to the study of Social Policy as it is the scarce resources that policy-makers work to allocate in a way that ensures the greatest well-being of the people. They must also be able to prove that their policies are both efficient – i. e. they are the least costly and of most benefit to those intended – and equitable or fair – i. e. those in similar categories are considered in similar ways. Political Economy originally was the term for studying production, buying and selling, and their relations with law, custom, and government. However, in the eighteenth century, it developed as the study of the economies of states — polities, hence political economy. It is the study of political ideologies and economic management. For a policy-maker, an awareness of these various political ideologies is indispensable as many of these arguments govern the process of making social and economic policies. Political Science focuses on the interaction between institutions and human behavior and studies the way in which institutions shape choices and how humans change institutional frameworks. It provides an understanding of constitutional arrangements in different countries and their impact on policy formulation. Political Science introduces the student of Social Policy to concepts of equality, social justice, liberty and citizenship.

Concept Analysis: Mentoring Nurse Managers

Mentoring is a multidimensional relationship that energizes personal and professional growth (Wagner and Seymour, 2007). The purpose of this paper is to explore the concept of mentoring and the key role it plays in the development of nurse managers. Introduction Over the past 20 years the concept of mentoring has grown more popular in our workplaces. Many public service organizations, as well as, corporations have developed formal mentoring programs for both management and staff for the purpose of improving overall operations, productivity and overall commitment to the organizations goals. Mentoring is now being recognized in nursing and other healthcare fields. This concept analysis will attempt to clearly define the concept mentoring while differentiating it from precepting and clinical supervision. Finally, this article will discuss the importance of a mentoring program designed for developing managers. Definition While searching the literature, many articles regarding mentoring can be found in business and management journals but few are found in nursing and medical journals. In the nursing and medical journals the concept of mentoring appears murky. In some cases the terms mentoring, precepting and clinical supervision are used interchangeably. This leads to confusion and inaccuracy. The word mentor dates back to Greek Mythology. Mentor was a friend of Odysseus entrusted with the education of Odysseus’ son Telemachus. The Webster dictionary defines mentor as a trusted and wise counselor or guide, a tutor or coach (Give, 1966). Other definitions include, â€Å"a learning relationship†, â€Å"a critical companionship† and a process in which two or more people create a connection in a safe environment that allows healing truth and wisdom to be discovered (Wagner and Seymour, 2007). For the purposes of this paper we will use the following definition: Mentoring occurs when a senior person in terms of experience not necessarily age provides information, advice and emotional support for the mentee or protà ©gà © in a relationship lasting over an extended period of time and marked by emotional commitment by both parties. If the opportunity presents itself the mentor uses both formal and informal forms of influence to further the career path of the protà ©gà ©. (Bowen, 1985) The mentoring process consists of four steps: initiation, cultivation, separation and redefinition (Kram, 1983). The first stage involves the mentor and the mentee becoming acquainted and setting goals. During the cultivation stage, information is shared, problem solving, decisions and exploration of alternatives occur. During the separation stage, the mentee is empowered to move towards their goal and enhance their career path. In the final stage of redefinition, the mentor/mentee relationship evolves to a mutual friendship or the relationship is terminated. (Wagner and Seymour, 2007) As stated earlier mentoring should not be confused with the terms preceptor and clinical supervision. Clinical supervision is defined as the process whereby a practitioner reviews with another person his ongoing clinical work and relevant aspects of his own reactions to that work. It is also defines as a practice focused professional relationship involving a practitioner reflecting on practice while guided by a supervisor. (Lyth, 2000) Clinical supervision focuses on an individual situation. Once the goal is reached the process is complete. Precepting is defined as teaching job responsibilities and related tasks (Grossman, 2009). The precepting relationship is similar to that of a teacher and student. Once the task is learned sufficiently, the relationship ends. The precepting relationship is time limited in that the task must be learned within a certain timeframe. Attributes of Mentoring Walker and Avant define this step of concept analysis as showing the cluster of attributes most frequently associated with the concept (Walker and Avant, 2005). Some of the common attributes involved in mentoring are caring, self reflection, confidence and knowledge. In the literature search caring is addressed in every mentoring article I read. Every successful mentor/mentee relationship has a caring base. Consider Watson’s Theory of Human Caring, in the caring moment the caregiver and the cared – for share on a personal level and create a mutual opportunity for learning from each other (Watson, 1999). This statement mirrors the definition of mentoring. Self reflection is the process in which someone stops to re evaluate a situation or action after the occurrence of an event. This is done for the purposes of learning, self growth and self improvement. A good mentor realizes that during the process they too will learn a great deal. Confidence is believing in yourself and your abilities even in the face of adversity. A good mentor does not fear teaching or sharing information. Succession planning is not a threat, but rather, the opportunity to continue their work and legacy in the organization after retirement (Tagnes, Dumont, Rawlinson and Byrd, 2009) Finally, the mentor must possess mastery of knowledge in their area of expertise. If the mentor has no knowledge or information to share, the process cannot start. Antecedents Antecedents are those events or incidents that must occur prior to the occurrence of the concept (Walker and Avant, 2005). Two crucial antecedents to mentoring are the mentor and the mentee or protà ©gà ©. Without either party, the concept will not exist. The other critical antecedent is the mentor must possess knowledge and skills to be shared. Effective communication skills and interpersonal skills are also necessary. If adequate communication cannot occur, the mentoring relationship cannot develop. The mentor and mentee must also be committed to devoting time to the process. If there is no available time, the mentoring process cannot begin. Consequences Consequences are those events that result from the occurrence of the concept (Walker and Avant, 2005). Successful mentoring programs benefit an organization by: increasing retention, reducing turnover costs, improving productivity and enhancing professional development. Creating a mentoring culture continuously promotes individual and employee growth and development (Foster, 2008). Model Case Example Sally is a new nurse manager. During her orientation process, Paulette is her assigned preceptor. Paulette has been with the organization many years and has over 15 year’s management experience. She voluntarily offers her services as a mentor to many new managers. After meeting and discussing goals, they decide Sally needs assistance understanding the various roles of people in the organization and how their roles interact with one another. Paulette takes Sally with her to meet the various employees. She schedules luncheons and meetings with various departments so Sally can better understand their roles. She also brings Sally to the administrative meetings as well as the administrative picnic to learn how decisions are made. Sally is encouraged to voice ideas and concerns in these various sessions. Her input is well received. After approximately 6 months Sally now has a sense of confidence and feels comfortable handling many of the day to day situations presented to her. Although the formal mentoring program is complete, Sally still meets with Paulette every few weeks to discuss life and feels comfortable calling her for advice. Paulette also calls Sally from time to time for her opinion regarding situations. This example sites all of the necessary qualities for a positive mentor/mentee relationship. Illegitimate Case Model As Kim started her role as a manager, the administrator assigned her worthwhile and appropriate assignments and tasks to perform. She had the opportunity to attend a multitude of meeting and had some contact with the major staff. However, she was never invited to listen to informal conference calls or side meetings where all of the major decisions were made. She was not involved in the development of changes. She was however, told what need to be done by her administrator. She was not informed of any history behind decision making strategies. The administrator in this situation served as a preceptor not a mentor. She only took the time to teach tasks and failed to elicit input or encourage professional growth. Conclusion Mentoring is a multidimensional process that can be learned over time. It requires reflection, knowledge of self and profession, knowledge of mentoring process and skills, communication and social skills, practice and support (Vance, 2002). Qualities of a good mentor include: commitment, honesty, compassion, personal/professional ethics, expertise, energy, creativity, effective interpersonal and communication skills (Kappel, 2008). A good mentor is passionate about her work and is committed to helping the mentee successfully meet their goals. Communication between the mentor and mentee is open and honest in a positive caring environment for success to occur. A good mentor creates opportunities and opens doors. Mentors know your strengths and abilities. They do not set you up for failure. Mentors set an example through both their words and actions. Mentors want you to succeed and help you learn from your mistakes. Mentors want you to become independent. Mentoring nurse managers is crucial to the success and survival of nurses. The nursing profession is continually working to recruit more people into the field. Nurse retention can improve under the supervision of visionary nurse leaders because the environment created by their leadership is directly related to the success in retaining nurses (Colonghi, 2009). Nurse Managers need seasoned mentors to guide and nurture them to their full potential which promotes a supportive environment and give them the endurance to survive in difficult times. The mood, attitudes and examples set by the nurse manager set the tone and attitudes of the staff.

4G Technology – An Analysis

4G Technology An Analysis 4G refers to the Fourth Generation of cellular wireless standards in telecommunications that will succeed it predecessors 3G 2G. It is a high-speed broadband wireless network that offered comprehensive & secure all IP based services. According to the ITU, requirements for 4G standards were specified by IMT-Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunication-Advanced). The data rates of 4G service for high mobility communication was set to 100 Mbps and low mobility communication was set to 1 Gbps. It focuses on cellular system with extremely high data rates & the concept of seamless technology in all wireless systems. Carriers that are using OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing) as an alternative to TDMA and CDMA are promoting their services as 4G even though their data rates are not high according to the ITU. 4G outdoor users that have Internet access through cell phones or smart phones were promised to have a targeted data speed of around 100 Mbps by the IMT-Advanced and t he data speed for indoor users such as LAN (Local Area Network) was suppose to be around 1Gbps. This type of higher speed for both fixed and mobile Internet users is truly amazing. 4G proposes scalable channel bandwidth flexibility of up to 40 MHz. The network resources are dynamically utilized & shared to sustain more simultaneous users over each call. 4G also has the ability to propose high QoS (Quality of Service) for multimedia support and offer smooth handover heterogeneous networks. It must also have the ability to offer wireless LAN roaming & interact with systems used for video broadcasting. Figure 5: Seamless Connection of Networks in 4G [5]. The 4G architecture comprises of 3 crucial areas of connectivity namely PAN (Personal Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network Cellular Connectivity Each device will have the ability to interact with the Internet based information that is modified over the network used by the device at that time. This structure can support a wide r ange of 4G mobile devices that sustain global roaming. In 4G networks users that join the network have the ability to add mobile routers to the infrastructure. Changing user patterns can be accommodated by dynamically shifting network capacity & coverage. Creating additional routes as the concentration of people is higher in one area compared to the other enables additional access to the capacity of the network. Users can easily avoid congested routes by hoping to the less congested routes. This allows the network to automatically balance the capacity by increasing the network utilization. The service for all the users improve with the increase in number of users. Need for 4G One of the questions that come to mind when thinking about future 4G systems is there need. The first application to be mobilized was voice telephony, few years ago. The short message service (SMS) was the first application to be introduced as a mass-market application. The hardware complexity was not an issue at the given time along with the advantage of small bandwidth requirements. The SMS was just the commencement of various data services like mobile email, web browsing etc. The key feature in most of them was the packet based wireless networks carrying IP data in one hand and powerful terminals that could cope with these applications on the other. Although the network capacity is still not an issue due to less number of users, there are number of reasons for increased bandwidth requirements in the future. First, the number of wireless users increases exponentially resulting into an increase in bandwidth requirement. Second, the popularity of video and music downloads has increased immensely within few years. The information content in a video or music is more than the corresponding text but so is the capacity requirement. Last but not the least, mobile social networks have taken the current internet usage to a much higher level. Picture viewing sites, web blogs and also video sharing sites have reshaped the internet.

Perspective on the significance of the marea court case in Research Paper

Perspective on the significance of the marea court case in understanding some aspect of the larger world of 17th century Massac - Research Paper Example Regardless of this fact, it is the responsibility of the historian/researcher to accurately depict the situation and not give way to the temptation to only relate the most interesting/salacious aspects of the story due to the fact that these do not help to give the full story and only emphasize the beliefs and actions of those with the most divergent views among the culture/group in question. Although the trials have been mythified and turned into a cultural phenomenon, the fact remains that even though the number of executions were low and the incident was isolated, the prevailing beliefs of that time with relation to how the settlers/Puritan viewed the world in which they lived worked to have a profound effect on how justice was carried out with relation to those supposedly involved in some form or other of conjuring or witchcraft. From the court data as well as the other primary and secondary data that can be analyzed, it is clear that many factors greatly impeded the case against Marea as it relates to her trial for murder of her own newborn infant. As such, the purpose of this analysis is not to provide a firm case for or against her guilt in the situation; that much should be obvious. Instead, the purpose is to carefully review some of the statements made by the deponents with relation to those testified to Marea’s innocence/guilt. ... the ways in which these deponents related the information they had come across, the level to which these influences are exhibited in the testimony provides ample evidence of how information was interpreted, accepted by the court, and acted upon based upon the biases of the individuals responsible for providing such testimony and the jurors beliefs as they related to the understanding and application of this knowledge. As such, the individual depositions contained strong references the beliefs in here say as tantamount to proof. This was so prevalent throughout many of the testimonies that if it were extent in a courtroom of our time it would clearly be disregarding as a clear abrogation of justice. However, to the individuals involved in the case during the sixteenth century such cultural, social, and religious norms were perfectly accepted both in society and within the court as a defining merit of their unique and peculiar society. Such inclusion of here say as a type of circumstan tial evidence is noted in many court cases of the same period.2 The first of these testimonies is that of Thomas Drake. Of all the testimonies, Thomas Drakes is interesting in that it does not make any of the broad sweeping stereotypical judgments that the other deponents make in their testimony. Thomas Drakes testimony can be seen as rambling and inclusive of a lot of unnecessary facts; however, the fact remains that he appears to present the most impartial and non-aligned view of those that were sampled in the testimony that is available to draw inference upon. Although it cannot be asserted definitively, it is interesting to question whether Thomas Drake was originally born in the colonies or was one of the first settlers due to the fact that his age at the time of the testimony puts

Organizational Analysis paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organizational Analysis paper - Assignment Example The board of directors was however behind the scenes and the principal was the leader. The principal spent most of her time communicating with the parents, students and teachers about issues to do with the vision of the school as well as the policies. She was in charge of calling for faculty meetings in case of any miscommunication, indiscipline cases or other matters concerning the teachers that needed to be passed to the students. Her effective communication skills with the stakeholders of the school led to an increase in funding and donations to the school as a way to appreciate her work. Everything was not always smooth despite the effectiveness of the communication. This was evident in a few cases where there was failure in communication due to various barriers. The most common of these barriers were brought about by channels used to pass the information to the students and teacher as well as other staff in the school which at times proved to be problematic. Most of the time the communication to students was carried through the school’s public addresses system that was connected from the principal’s office to the hallways, classrooms, recreational schools and even the cafeteria. There are times the system failed and especially when there was power blackout as it was not connected to the backup generator. The leadership of the institution was very coordinated based on the fact that the information and decisions came from the board of directors to the principal who carried out the disbursements role very well that the board did not have to worry about finding another channel to pass the news. In fact the effectiveness of the leadership was obvious from the fact that not many people knew about the existence of the board or who were the board members as everyone dealt with the principal. The principal and the deputy principal who were the leaders were not managers but rather servants as well as